Title:Iran Energy Profile: Holds Some Of World’s Largest Deposits Of Proved Oil And Natural Gas Reserves – Analysis

Iran holds some of the world's largest deposits of proved oil and natural gas reserves, ranking as the world's fourth-largest and second-largest reserve holder of oil and natural gas, respectively. Iran also ranks among the world's top 10 oil producers and top 5 natural gas producers. Iran produced almost 4.7 million barrels per day (b/d) of petroleum and other liquids in 2017 and an estimated 7.2 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of dry natural gas in 2017.[1]

伊朗拥有世界上为数最多的已证实的石油和天然气储量，分别位居世界第四大和第二大油气储量。伊朗还位居世界前10名石油生产国和5个天然气生产国之列。2017年，伊朗每天生产近470万桶(b/d)的石油和其他液体，2017年估计生产7.2万亿立方英尺(Tcf)的干天然气。

The Strait of Hormuz, off the southeastern coast of Iran, is an important route for oil exports from Iran and other Persian Gulf countries. At its narrowest point, the Strait of Hormuz is 21 miles wide, yet an estimated 18.5 million b/d of crude oil and refined products flowed through it in 2016 (nearly 30% of all seaborne-traded oil and almost 20% of total oil produced globally). Liquefied natural gas (LNG) volumes also flow through the Strait of Hormuz. Approximately 3.7 Tcf of LNG was transported from Qatar via the Strait of Hormuz in 2016, accounting for more than 30% of global LNG trade.

伊朗东南沿海霍尔木兹海峡是伊朗和其他波斯湾国家石油出口的重要通道。霍尔木兹海峡的范围最窄，宽21英里，但2016年估计有1 850万桶/日的原油和炼油产品通过(占全部海运贸易和全球总产量的近30%和近20%)。液化天然气也流入霍尔木兹海峡，2016年约有3.7吨液化天然气从卡塔尔通过霍尔木兹海峡运输，占全球液化天然气贸易的30%以上。

Despite Iran's abundant reserves, crude oil production stagnated and even declined between 2012 and 2016 as nuclear-related international sanctions that targeted Iran's oil exports hindered progress across Iran's energy sector, which affected upstream investment in both oil and natural gas projects. At the end of 2011, the United States and the European Union (EU) imposed sanctions as a result of Iran's nuclear activities, which went into effect in mid-2012. These sanctions targeted the Iranian energy sector and impeded Iran's ability to sell oil, resulting in a near 1.0-million b/d drop in crude oil and condensate exports in 2012 compared with the previous year. Since the oil sector and banking sanctions were lifted, as outlined in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in January 2016, Iranian crude oil and condensate production and exports have risen to pre-2012 levels.

尽管伊朗储量丰富，但原油生产停滞不前，2012年至2016年甚至出现下降，因为针对伊朗石油出口的国际制裁阻碍了伊朗能源部门取得进展，美国和欧洲联盟(欧盟)在2011年底制裁了伊朗在2012年年中生效的核活动，这影响到石油和天然气项目的上游投资。这些制裁针对伊朗能源部门，妨碍了伊朗出售石油的能力，导致2012年原油和凝析出口比上一年下降近100万桶/日。正如2016年1月的《联合全面行动计划》所述，自石油部门和银行制裁被取消以来，伊朗的原油和凝析油生产和出口已升至2012年以前的水平。

Iran's oil and natural gas export revenue was $33.6 billion in Fiscal Year (FY) 2015-2016, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), having decreased nearly 40% from $55.4 billion in FY 2014-2015. EIA estimates that Iran's oil net export revenues totaled $36 billion in 2016. The sudden drop was the result of continued depressed export volumes and lower crude oil prices, which combined resulted in low total export revenue. In FY 2016-2017, oil and natural gas export revenue was estimated to have risen to $57.4 billion as crude oil export volumes rose following the implementation of the JCPOA.[2] Most of the export revenues come from crude oil and condensate exports because Iran exports only a small volume of natural gas. Iran consumes most of the natural gas it produces.

国际货币基金组织(IMF)的数据显示，2015-2016财政年度，伊朗的石油和天然气出口收入为336亿美元，比2014-2015财政年度的554亿美元下降了近40%。据环境影响评估估计，伊朗2016年石油净出口收入共计360亿美元，这一突然下降是由于出口量持续疲软和原油价格下降，合计造成出口总收入低下。2016-2017财政年度，由于实施JCPOA后，原油出口额增加，估计石油和天然气出口收入增至574亿美元。伊朗消耗了其生产的天然气的大部分。

Iranian development of its natural gas resources continues and has picked up pace following the implementation of the JCPOA. However, production growth had been slower than expected because sanctions targeting Iran's nuclear activities between 2012 and 2016 also affected natural gas development as a result of lack of foreign investment and technology. Iran's natural gas activities are centered on the South Pars natural gas field, located offshore in the Persian Gulf, which holds roughly 40% of Iran's proved natural gas reserves.[3] The field is being developed mainly by Iranian companies.

伊朗 天然气 资源 的 开发 继续 进行 , 并 在 《 联合 停火 协定 》 执行 后 加速 进行 。然而，生产增长低于预期，因为2012年至2016年针对伊朗核活动的制裁也由于缺乏外国投资和技术而影响到天然气开发。伊朗的天然气活动集中于位于波斯湾海上的南帕斯天然气田，约占伊朗已证实的天然气储量的40%。

Iran consumed more than 270 million tons oil equivalent of primary energy in 2016.[4] Natural gas and oil accounted for almost all (98%) of Iran's total primary energy consumption, with marginal contributions from hydropower, coal, nuclear, and non-hydro power renewables. Iran's primary energy consumption has grown rapidly over the past decade and continued to grow even when economic growth was depressed and when nuclear-related sanctions were in place. In fact, between 2006 and 2016, Iran's primary energy consumption expanded by about 40%. To better control domestic demand growth and reduce the budgetary exposure to high subsidy costs, the Iranian government implemented energy subsidy reform, which resulted in increasing domestic prices for domestic petroleum, natural gas, and electricity between 2010 and 2014.

[4] 天然气和石油几乎占伊朗初级能源消费总量的98%(98%)，水电、煤、核能的贡献有限。在过去十年里，伊朗的主要能源消耗量迅速增长，即使在经济增长低迷、与核有关的制裁已经实施的情况下，其增长仍在继续。事实上，2006至2016年，伊朗的主要能源消耗量增加了约40%。为了更好地控制国内需求增长并减少预算对高补贴成本的接触，伊朗政府实施了能源补贴改革，导致国内石油、天然气价格上涨，在2010年至2014年期间供电。

The state-owned National Iranian Oil Company is responsible for all upstream oil and natural gas projects. The Iranian constitution prohibits foreign or private ownership of natural resources. However, international oil companies can now participate in the exploration and development phases through the Iranian petroleum contract, a relatively new model for its upstream oil and natural gas fiscal regime.

伊朗国有国家石油公司负责所有上游石油和天然气项目，伊朗宪法禁止外国或私人拥有自然资源。然而，国际石油公司现在可以通过伊朗石油合同参与勘探和开发阶段，这是其上游石油和天然气财政制度的一个比较新的模式。

The Supreme Energy Council, which was established in July 2001 and is chaired by the president of Iran oversees the energy sector. The council is composed of the Ministers of Petroleum, Economy, Trade, Agriculture, and Mines and Industry, among others. Under the supervision of the Ministry of Petroleum, state-owned companies dominate the activities in the oil and natural gas upstream and downstream sectors, along with Iran's petrochemical industry. The three key state-owned enterprises are the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), the National Iranian Gas Company (NIGC), National Oil Refining and Distribution Company (NIORDC), and the National Petrochemical Company (NPC).

最高能源委员会成立于2001年7月，由伊朗总统担任主席，负责能源部门的监督。该委员会由石油、经济、贸易、农业、矿产和工业等部委组成。在石油部的监督下，国有公司与伊朗的石化产业一道主导着石油和天然气上游和下游部门的活动。三家主要国有企业是：伊朗国营石油公司、伊朗国营天然气公司、国家炼油和分配公司(NIORDC)和国家石油化工公司(NPC)。

In an effort to attract much-needed foreign investment and technology in its oil and natural gas sector, the Iranian government implemented the Iranian petroleum contract that allows international oil companies to participate in all phases of upstream projects. The new fiscal regime was approved in 2016 and offers more attractive terms than the previously available buyback contracts.

努力吸引急需的外国投资和技术进入石油和天然气部门，伊朗政府执行了伊朗石油合同，允许国际石油公司参与上游项目的所有阶段。新财政制度于2016年获得批准，提供的条件比以前可获得的回购合同更有吸引力。

The Iranian constitution prohibits foreign or private ownership of natural resources, and prior to late 2016, the government only permitted buyback contracts, which allowed international oil companies (IOCs) to enter exploration and development contracts through an Iranian subsidiary. A buyback contract is similar to a service contract and requires the contractor (or an IOC) to invest its own capital and expertise to develop oil and natural gas fields. After the field was developed and production started, the project's operatorship reverted to NIOC or to the relevant subsidiary. The IOC did not get equity rights to the oil and natural gas fields. NIOC used revenue from the sale of oil and natural gas to pay back the capital costs to the IOC. The annual repayment rates to the IOC were based on a predetermined percentage of the field's production and rate of return. According to Facts Global Energy (FGE), the rate of return on buyback contracts ranged between 12% and 17%, and the payback period was between five and seven years. [5]

伊朗宪法禁止外国或私人拥有自然资源，在2016年底之前，政府只允许回购合同，允许国际石油公司(IOC)通过伊朗子公司订立勘探和开发合同。回购合同与服务合同相似，要求承包商(或海委会)投资自己的资本和专门知识，开发石油和天然气田。在油田开发并开始生产后，该项目的工作重回了国家石油公司或有关子公司，国际奥委会没有获得石油和天然气田股权。NIOC利用出售石油和天然气的收入向IOC支付基本建设费用，每年向IOC支付的偿还率是按预先确定的该领域生产和回报率的百分比计算的。根据事实全球能源(FGE)，回购合同收益率在12%至17%之间，回购期为5年至7年。

In late 2016, Iranian parliament approved and the government implemented the new oil contract model called the Iranian (or Integrated) Petroleum Contract (IPC). The main purpose of this new framework is to attract foreign investment and technology to spur development of upstream oil and natural gas projects. The new contract terms are a hybrid of those in buyback contracts and production sharing agreements (PSA). The IPC encompasses exploration, development, and production phases, along with the possibility to extend into enhanced oil recovery (EOR) phases. The contract term is set at a maximum of 20 years, with the possibility to extend the term by 5 years for EOR projects. The IPC retains the previous local content requirement of 51% of the value of work, and the foreign investor is required to submit plans for knowledge and technology development transfer as part of its annual operational financial plan.[6]

2016年末，伊朗议会批准，政府实施了名为“伊朗综合石油合同”的新石油合同模式。这一新框架的主要目的是吸引外国投资和技术，以促进上游石油和天然气项目的发展。新的合同条款是回购合同和生产共享协议（PSA）中那些合同的混合条款。投资促进委员会包括勘探、开发和生产阶段，以及可能扩大到加强采油阶段。合同期限最长为20年，EOR项目可延长5年。IPC保留了原先51%的工作价值的本地内容要求，外国投资者必须提交知识和技术开发转让计划，作为其年度业务财务计划的一部分。

International sanctions have affected Iran's energy sector by limiting the foreign investment, technology, and expertise needed to expand capacity at oil and natural gas fields and to reverse declines at mature oil fields. Iran has had to depend mainly on local companies to develop oil and natural gas fields in recent years. Although the IPC was intended to reverse this trend, Iran has had limited success in attracting IOCs to its oil and natural gas upstream.

国际制裁限制了外国投资、技术和专门知识，以扩大石油和天然气田的能力并扭转成熟油田的减少，从而影响了伊朗的能源部门。近年来，伊朗主要依靠当地公司开发石油和天然气田，尽管IPC打算扭转这一趋势，但伊朗在吸引IOC进入其上游石油和天然气方面的成功程度有限。

Thus far, there were only two finalized contract under the IPC. The first one was the July 2017 agreement with French major Total and China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) to develop Phase 11 of the South Pars field. The development will not produce any crude oil but is expected to produce about 80,000 b/d of condensate.[7] More recently, Russian state-controlled Zarubezhneft signed oil development contracts under the IPC, with reportedly Rosneft, Lukoil, Gazprom Neft, and Tatneft all considering upstream agreements with Iran. The latest agreement was signed in mid-March 2018 between Zarubezhneft, NIOC, and Dana Energy to develop West Paydar and Abadan onshore fields near Iraq. The ten-year contract calls for improved recovery rates and increased production from the fields to 48,000 b/d.

到目前为止，根据IPC只有两份最后确定的合同，第一份是2017年7月与法国总公司和中国国家石油公司签订的协议，以发展南帕尔油田第11阶段。最近，俄罗斯国家控制的Zarubezhneft按照IPC签署了石油开发合同，据称与Rosneft、Lukpril签订，Gazprom Neft和Tatneft都考虑了与伊朗的上游协议，最近的协议于2018年3月中旬在Zarubezhneft、NIOC和Dana Energy之间签署，目的是在伊拉克附近开发West Paydar和Abadan油田。十年合同要求提高回收率，将外地产量提高到48,000 b/d。

Iran holds almost 10% of the world's crude oil reserves and about 13% of OPEC reserves. More than 70% of Iran's crude oil reserves are located onshore, with the remainder mostly located offshore in the Persian Gulf.

伊朗占世界原油储量的近10%，约占欧佩克储量的13%，70%以上的伊朗原油储量位于陆上，其余的则主要位于波斯湾的近海。

According to the Oil & Gas Journal, as of January 2018, Iran has an estimated 157 billion barrels of proved crude oil reserves, representing almost 10% of the world's crude oil reserves and about 13% of reserves held by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).[8] Most Iranian reserves are located onshore (about 71%), with the Khuzestan Basin containing roughly 80% of total onshore reserves.[9] Iran also has 0.5 billion barrels of proved and probable reserves in the Caspian Sea, but to date very limited upstream activity has occurred in Iran's portion of the Caspian Sea. Iran also shares a number of onshore and offshore fields with neighboring countries, including Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia.

根据《石油和天然气杂志》，截至2018年1月，伊朗约有1,570亿桶已证实的原油储量，约占世界原油储量的10%，约占石油输出国组织(欧佩克)持有储量的13%.[8] 大部分伊朗石油储量位于陆上（约71%），[9] 伊朗在里海也有5亿桶已证实的储量和可能的储量，但迄今为止，在伊朗里海部分进行的上游活动非常有限，伊朗还与邻国共享一些陆上和海上油田，包括伊拉克、卡塔尔、科威特和沙特阿拉伯。

Iran produced 4.7 million b/d of petroleum and other liquids in 2017, of which 3.8 million b/d was crude oil and the remainder was condensate and hydrocarbon gas liquids. Iran's crude oil production has recovered since the implementation of the JCPOA.

伊朗2017年生产了470万桶/日的石油和其他液体，其中380万桶/日是原油，其余是凝析油和碳氢气液体，伊朗自执行《联合石油天然气协定》以来原油产量已经恢复。

Iran is one of the founding members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which was established in 1960. Since the 1970s, Iran's oil production has varied greatly. Iran's production averaged more than 5.5 million b/d of oil in 1976 and 1977, with production topping 6.0 million b/d for most of the period. Since the 1979 revolution, however, a combination of war, limited investment, sanctions, and a high rate of natural decline in production of Iran's mature oil fields has prevented a return to those production levels.

伊朗是1960年建立的石油输出国组织（欧佩克）的创始国之一，自1970年代以来，伊朗的石油生产情况有很大差异。1976年和1977年，伊朗的石油产量平均超过550万桶，这一期间的大部分时间产量达到每小时600万桶。然而，自1979年革命以来，由于战争、有限的投资、制裁以及伊朗成熟油田生产自然下降的高比率，致使伊朗无法恢复生产水平。

Sanctions related to Iran's nuclear activities imposed in late 2011 and mid-2012 led to a precipitous decrease in Iranian production in 2013, with production falling to 2.7 million b/d. These sanctions targeted Iran's petroleum exports and imports, prohibited large-scale investment in the country's oil and natural gas sector, and cut off Iran's access to European and U.S. sources for financial transactions. Further sanctions were implemented against institutions targeting the Central Bank of Iran, while the EU imposed an embargo on Iranian oil and banned European Protection and Indemnity Clubs (P&I Clubs) from providing Iranian oil tankers with insurance and reinsurance. Before this round of sanctions, Iran was the second-largest producer in OPEC, but the country has since been overtaken by Iraq.

2011年底和2012年年中对伊朗核活动实施的制裁导致2013年伊朗生产急剧下降，生产量降至270万桶。这些制裁针对伊朗的石油出口和进口，禁止对该国石油和天然气部门的大规模投资，并切断伊朗获得欧洲和美国金融交易来源的机会。针对伊朗中央银行的机构实行了进一步制裁，而欧盟禁止伊朗石油，并禁止欧洲保护和赔偿俱乐部（P&I Clubs）向伊朗油轮提供保险和再保险。在这轮制裁之前，伊朗是欧佩克第二大生产国，但伊拉克后来已经取代伊朗。

Following the implementation of the JCPOA in January 2016 and Iran's renewed ability to export oil to Europe, Iranian exports immediately rose, and, as a result, Iranian crude oil production once again exceeded pre-2012 levels. In 2017, Iran produced nearly 4.7 million b/d of petroleum and other liquids, of which 3.8 million b/d was crude oil and the remainder was condensate and hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL). Iranian total liquids production rose in 2017 relative to 2016 by 0.5 million b/d, supported by continued increases in exports.

在2016年1月执行《联合石油协定》和伊朗恢复向欧洲出口石油的能力后，伊朗的出口立即增加，因此，伊朗的原油产量再次超过2012年前的水平。2017年，伊朗生产了近470万桶/日的石油和其他液体，其中380万桶/日是原油，其余是凝析油和碳氢气液体(HGL)。2017年伊朗液体总产量与2016年相比增加了50万桶，出口持续增加。

Crude oil streams and oil fieldsMost of Iran's crude oil production comes from the country's southwestern onshore fields, where Iran Heavy and Iran Light grades are produced. This area accounts for about 85% of Iran's total crude oil production capacity.[10] Iran Heavy is a medium-heavy, high-sulfur crude oil (29.3° API, 2.29% sulfur) and is sourced from some of Iran's largest oil fields, including the Gachasaran, Marun, Ahwaz, and Bangestan. Iran Light is similar in quality to Arab Light, with 33° API and 1.58% sulfur content. Iran Light is produced at several onshore fields in the Khuzestan province, but two-thirds of the Iran Light volume comes from three fields, Ahwaz, Karanj, and Aghajari.[11] All of these fields are decades old and have large decline rates. Sustaining production capacity will require EOR techniques, including the injection of natural gas into oil reservoirs to boost recovery rates.

原油流和油田 伊朗大部分原油产量来自该国西南的陆上油田，那里生产着伊朗重型和伊朗轻型石油。[10]伊朗重度石油是一种中等重度、高硫原油（29.3°API，2.29%硫），来自伊朗一些最大的油田，包括马伦Gacharan, Marun的油田。伊朗光在质量上与阿拉伯光相似，有33°API和1.58%的硫磺含量。伊朗光是Khuzistan省若干陆上油田生产的，但伊朗光量的三分之二来自三个油田，即Ahwaz、Karanj和Aghajari。维持生产能力将需要利用EOR技术，包括向油藏注入天然气以提高采收率。

In addition to its Heavy and Light grades, Iran also produces Azadegan, Doroud, Foroozan, Lavan Blend, Soroush/Norouz, and Sirri. Azadegan is a relatively new stream, with production about totaling 0.2 million b/d in 2017 from the Azadegan oil field (called Majnoon on the Iraqi side). Azadegan's plateau production is expected to reach 0.65 million b/d.

伊朗除了重和轻质等级外，还生产Azadegan、Doroud、Foroozan、Lavan Blend、Soroush/Norouz和Sirri。Azadegan是一条相对较新的河流，2017年从Azadegan油田(伊拉克方面被称为Maj中午)生产总量约为20万桶，预计Azadegan高原产量将达到65万桶/日。

In tandem with the development of the giant South Pars natural gas field, Iran has also increased condensate output, which averaged 0.6 million b/d in 2017. Additional phases of the South Pars development will result in increasing growth in condensate output in the coming years.

随着巨型南帕斯天然气田的发展，伊朗也增加了凝结物产量，在2017年平均达到60万桶。南半球其他发展阶段将导致未来数年凝析产出的增加。

Upstream projectsIran's plans to expand its production capacity and crude oil output in the medium term are ambitious and will require international funding, expertise, and technology. The plans are centered on the development of the Azadegan, Yadavaran, Yaran, and South Pars oil layer, as well as a number of other fields, including the Caspian Sea resources. NIOC plans to sign new upstream contracts under the IPC scheme in the second half of 2018 and in 2019 for additional phases that will increase production of Azadegan, Yadavaran, Yaran, and South Pars oil layer. Azadegan produced less than 0.2 million b/d in 2017 and is forecast to reach plateau production of 0.75 million b/d (including both the North and South Azadegan projects).

预计伊朗在中期扩大生产能力和原油产量的计划是宏大的，需要国际资金、专门知识和技术。这些计划的重点是开发Azadegan、Yadavaran、Yaran、South Pars油层以及若干其他油田，包括里海资源。NIOC计划于2018年下半年和2019年根据IPC计划签署新的上游合同，以便增加Azadegan、Yadavaran、Yaran和南帕尔斯油田层的产量。阿扎德根2017年产量不足20万桶/日，预计高原产量将达到75万桶/日（包括北亚扎德根项目）。

Yadaravan is also producing crude oil, with production reaching 0.1 million b/d in the fourth quarter of 2017. Additional development will increase output to more than 0.3 million b/d when it reaches plateau production.

亚达拉万也在生产原油，2017年第四季度产量达到每天10万桶，当产量达到稳定生产时，其他开发活动将增至30万桶。

Iran's exports of crude oil and condensate increased sharply in 2016 and averaged more than 2.5 million b/d in 2017. The largest buyers of Iranian crude oil and condensates in 2017 were China, India, Turkey, and South Korea. Iran's main oil customers have not changed significantly since the implementation of the JCPOA.

2016年，伊朗的原油和凝结物出口急剧增加，2017年平均超过250万桶，2017年伊朗原油和凝结物的最大买家是中国、印度、土耳其和韩国。自JCPOA实施以来，伊朗的主要石油客户没有明显变化。

According to EIA estimates based on tanker-tracking data reported by Clipper Data, Iran's crude oil and condensate exports averaged 2.5 million b/d in 2017, about 0.2 million b/d higher than the 2016 average. China and India accounted for about 43% of all Iranian exports in 2017, and Turkey and South Korea took substantial volumes during the year.

根据Clipper数据报告的油轮跟踪数据，伊朗原油和凝析出口在2017年平均为250万桶，比2016年平均水平高出20万桶/日。2017年，中国和印度约占伊朗全部出口的43%，今年土耳其和韩国的出口量较大。

Iran resumed its crude oil exports to Europe in 2016 following the implementation of the JCPOA. Before the 2011 and 2012 sanctions, European refiners had been purchasing and processing Iranian crude oil, but they stopped their imports in early 2012. In 2016 and 2017, a number of European countries resumed their purchases of Iranian oil, including Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, and Spain.

在2011年和2012年制裁之前，欧洲炼油厂一直在购买和处理伊朗的原油，但在2012年初停止进口。2016年和2017年，一些欧洲国家恢复了对伊朗石油的采购，包括克罗地亚、法国、希腊、意大利、马耳他、荷兰、波兰和西班牙。

In addition to crude oil and condensate, Iran also exports petroleum products. According to Facts Global Energy (FGE), Iran has a supply surplus for all petroleum products except gasoline. Iran's exports of petroleum products averaged 507,000 b/d in 2017, with LPG and fuel oil accounting for about 83% of total petroleum product exports. Iran's petroleum product exports declined in 2017 compared with exports of 587,000 b/d (including small volumes of gasoline exports) in 2016. Most of the petroleum product exports went to Asia.[12]

除了原油和凝析油外，伊朗还出口石油产品，根据《全球能源》，除汽油外，伊朗对所有石油产品都有剩余供应。2017年，伊朗石油产品出口平均为507,000桶，其中石油天然气和燃料石油约占石油产品出口总额的83%。2017年，伊朗的石油产品出口与2016年的587,000桶(包括少量汽油出口)出口相比有所下降，大多数石油产品出口流入亚洲。

Oil terminalsThe terminals at Kharg, Lavan, and Sirri Islands, located in the Persian Gulf, handle almost all of Iran's crude oil exports. Iran also has two small crude oil terminals at Cyrus and Bahregansar, one terminal along the Caspian Sea, and other terminals that handle mostly refined product exports and imports. Condensate from the South Pars natural gas field is exported from the Assaluyeh terminal.

石油终点站位于波斯湾的哈格岛、拉旺岛和锡里群岛的终点站几乎经营着伊朗的所有原油出口。伊朗还在塞鲁斯和里海一个终点站拥有两个小型原油终端，其他终端处理大多是精炼产品的进出口。南帕斯天然气田康登斯是从阿萨卢耶终点站出口的。

Kharg Island, the largest export terminal in Iran, is located in the northeastern part of the Persian Gulf. Most of Iran's crude oil exports are sent via Kharg, which includes a main terminal and a four-berth sea island (three of which are operational). The terminal processes all onshore production (the Iranian Heavy and Iranian Light Blends) and offshore production from the Foroozan field (the Foroozan Blend). NIOC has reportedly upgraded the terminal to handle a maximum capacity of 7 million b/d.[13]

哈格岛是伊朗最大的出口终点站，位于波斯湾东北部。伊朗的原油出口大多通过哈格运出，其中包括一个主要终点站和一个四泊位的海岛（其中三个在运作）。终端处理所有陆上生产（伊朗重轻型和伊朗轻型混合）和从Foroozan油田（Foroozan Blend）的近海生产。据报道，NIOC对终端进行了升级，处理能力达到700万桶/日。

Lavan Island mostly handles exports of the Lavan Blend sourced from offshore fields. Lavan is Iran's highest-quality export grade (35.2° API, 1.59% sulfur) and one of Iran's smallest streams, with production volume of about 115,000 b/d in 2017. Lavan's storage capacity is 5.5 million barrels and has a loading capacity of 200,000 b/d.[14]

拉旺岛主要经营从近海油田出产的拉旺混合矿的出口，拉旺岛是伊朗最高质量出口品级（35.2°API，1.59%的硫磺）和伊朗最小流之一，2017年的产量约为115,000 b/日。拉旺的储油量为550万桶，装载量为20万桶。

Sirri Island serves as a loading port for the medium-gravity, high-sulfur Sirri Blend that is produced in the offshore fields. Its storage capacity is 4.5 million barrels.[15]

锡里岛是近海油田生产的中重力高硫锡里蓝宝石装货港，储存容量为450万桶。

Neka is Iran's Caspian Sea port, which was built in 2003 to receive crude oil imports from the Caspian-region producers under swap agreements. The port's loading capacity is about 150,000 b/d, but trade press reporting suggests that only about 50,000 b/d of oil flows through Neka. The terminal is used to facilitate swap agreements with Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. Under these agreements, Iran receives crude oil at its Caspian Sea port of Neka, which is processed in the Tehran and Tabriz refineries. In return, Iran exports the same amount of crude oil from Kharg Island.[16]

Neka是伊朗的里海港，于2003年建成，根据互换协议，从里海区域生产商那里进口原油。港口装货能力约为15万桶/日，但贸易报刊报道表明，通过Neka，石油流量只有约50 000桶，终点站用于促进与阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦的互换协议。根据这些协议，伊朗在德黑兰和塔布里兹炼油厂接受里海港口的原油，伊朗从哈格岛出口同样数量的原油。

Assaluyeh terminal is where Iran's South Pars condensate is loaded for exports, mainly to China, India, Japan, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates. In addition to condensate, the port also loads LPG, sulfur, and petrochemical products.[17]

阿萨卢耶终点站是伊朗的南帕尔斯凝结物出口装载的地方，主要出口到中国、印度、日本、韩国和阿拉伯联合酋长国，除了凝结外，港口还装载液化G、硫和石油化工产品。

The export terminals Bandar Mahshahr and Abadan (also known as Bandar Imam Khomeini) near the Abadan refinery are used to export refined product from the Abadan refinery. Bandar Abbas, located near the northern end of the Strait of Hormuz, is Iran's main fuel oil export terminal.

在阿巴丹炼油厂附近的Bandar Mashahr和Abadan（也称为Bandar Imam Khomeini）出口终端用于从Abadan炼油厂出口精炼产品。位于霍尔木兹海峡北端的班达尔阿巴斯是伊朗的主要燃油出口终点站。

Iran is the second-largest oil-consuming country in the Middle East after Saudi Arabia. While Iran has become self-sufficient in meeting domestic demand for most petroleum products, it continues to rely on some gasoline import volumes. Current plans include construction of new refineries and upgrades to existing refineries to increase gasoline production.

伊朗是中东第二大石油消费国，仅次于沙特阿拉伯，虽然伊朗在满足国内对大多数石油产品的需求方面已经实现了自给自足，但它继续依赖某些汽油进口量。目前的计划包括建造新的炼油厂和升级现有炼油厂，以增加汽油生产。

Iran is the second-largest oil-consuming country in the Middle East, after Saudi Arabia. Iranian domestic oil consumption is mainly diesel, gasoline, and fuel oil. Oil consumption averaged 1.7 million b/d in 2017, falling slightly compared with the 2016 level. Almost all of Iran's product consumption was met with domestically refined product, but Iran continues to rely on relatively small volumes of gasoline imports. In 2017, Iran's only petroleum product import was an estimated 80,000 b/d of gasoline, which accounted for roughly 16% of Iran's gasoline consumption during the year.[18]

伊朗是中东第二大石油消费国，仅次于沙特阿拉伯，伊朗的国内石油消费主要是柴油、汽油和燃油。2017年，石油消费平均为170万桶/日，与2016年水平相比略有下降。伊朗几乎所有产品消费都是国内炼制产品，但伊朗继续依赖较少量的汽油进口。2017年，伊朗唯一的石油产品进口量估计为80,000 b/d汽油，约占当年伊朗汽油消费量的16%。

In the past, Iran had limited domestic oil refining capacity and was dependent on imports of refined products, especially gasoline, to meet domestic demand. In response to international sanctions and the resulting difficulty in purchasing refined products, Iran expanded its domestic refining capacity. As of December 2017, Iran's total crude oil distillation capacity was slightly more than 2.2 million b/d, according to FGE.[19]

过去，伊朗国内炼油能力有限，依赖进口精炼产品，特别是汽油来满足国内需求。针对国际制裁以及由此造成的购买精炼产品的困难，伊朗扩大了其国内炼制能力。截至2017年12月，伊朗的原油蒸馏总容量略超过220万桶/日。

PipelinesIran has an extensive domestic oil pipeline network including 19 crude oil and product pipelines ranging in length from 93 miles to 525 miles. Iran's longest pipeline is the product line that runs between Rey and Mashahad. It transports oil between Ahavaz and Rey and supplies feedstock to the Tehran, Arak, and Tabriz refineries. In addition, a new 36-inch condensate pipeline (Assaluyeh-Bandar Abbas) ships feedstock from Assaluyeh to the new PGS refinery.[20]

伊朗国内输油管线网络广泛，包括19条原油和输油管道，长度从93英里到525英里，伊朗最长的输油管是Rey和Mashahad之间的输油管线。它向德黑兰、阿拉克和塔布里兹炼油厂输送了Ahavaz和Rey之间的石油，向这些炼油厂提供原料供应，此外，从Assaluyeh-Bandar Abbas向新的PGS炼油厂输送了一条36英寸的冷凝油管(Assaluyeh-Bandar Abbas)船舶原料从Assaluyeh运往新的PGS炼油厂。

Iran's future plans include construction of three additional petroleum product pipelines, including a new line that will transport gasoline throughout Iran from the Persian Gulf Star (PGS) refinery.

伊朗的未来计划包括建造三条额外的石油产品管道，其中包括一条新的线路，将汽油从波斯湾星炼油厂运往伊朗各地。

Iran is the second-largest proved natural gas reserve holder in the world behind Russia. Iran holds 17% of the world's proved natural gas reserves and more than one-third of OPEC's reserves. Iran's largest natural gas field, South Pars, is estimated to hold almost 40% of Iran's natural gas reserves.

伊朗是仅次于俄罗斯的第二大天然天然气储量，伊朗占世界已证实天然气储量的17%，占欧佩克储量的三分之一以上。据估计，伊朗最大的天然气田——南帕斯(South Pars)，其天然气储量约占伊朗天然气储量的40%。

According to Oil & Gas Journal, as of December 2017, Iran's estimated proved natural gas reserves were 1,191 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), second only to Russia. Iran holds 17% of the world's proved natural gas reserves and more than one-third of OPEC's reserves.[21] Iran has a high success rate of natural gas exploration, which is estimated at 79% compared to the world average success rate of 30% to 35%, according to FGE.[22] Finding new natural gas reserves in Iran is not a high priority because the country contains large amounts of undeveloped known reserves.

根据《石油和天然气杂志》，截至2017年12月，伊朗的天然气储量估计为1,191万亿立方英尺，仅次于俄罗斯。伊朗天然气勘探成功率高，约为79%，而世界平均成功率为30%至35%，[22]据英国联邦政府称，在伊朗寻找新的天然气储量并不是一个高度优先事项，因为伊朗拥有大量未开发的已知储量。

Iran's largest natural gas field is South Pars, a non-associated gas field located offshore in the Persian Gulf. South Pars is part of a larger gas structure that straddles the territorial water of Iran and Qatar called the North Field in Qatar. South Pars reserves account for almost 40% of Iran's total natural gas reserves.[23] Other major natural gas fields in Iran include Kish, North Pars, Sardar-e-Jangal, Forouz-B, Aghar, Golshan, and Kangan. These fields and others also hold large amounts of condensate reserves. About 80% of Iran's natural gas reserves are non-associated, according to FGE.

伊朗最大的天然气田是南帕尔斯，一个位于波斯湾近海的非相关天然气田，南帕尔斯是跨越伊朗和卡塔尔领水的更大的天然气结构的一部分，称为卡塔尔的北田。[23]伊朗的其他主要天然气田包括Kish、North Pars、Sardar-e-Jangal、Forouz-B、Aghar、Golshan和Kangan。这些油田和其他地区也拥有大量凝析油储藏，据英国烟气排放管理局统计，伊朗天然气储量中约有80%是不相关的。

Iran is the world's third-largest dry natural gas producer after the United States and Russia. Iran's natural gas prospects have improved with the commencement of production in the South Pars field, with additional phases expected to come online in the coming years.

伊朗是世界第三大干天然气生产国，仅次于美国和俄罗斯。随着南帕尔斯油田开始生产，伊朗的天然气前景有所改善，预计今后几年还将进入在线阶段。

Iran's gross natural gas production totaled nearly 9.5 Tcf in 2017, of which 7.3 Tcf was dry natural gas, rising almost 9% compared with 2016, according to Rystad Energy. Roughly 1.6 Tcf of the total was reinjected into oil wells to enhance oil recovery,[24] which plays a central role in Iran's oil production. Iran's use of natural gas in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has increased 56% between 2007 and 2017. As natural gas production increases, the use of natural gas for EOR is expected to continue to rise. Use of EOR will be key to stemming declines in Iran's brownfields, which have relatively high natural decline rates.

Rysad Energy的数据显示，2017年，伊朗的天然气总产量合计近9.5Tcf，其中7.3Tcf为干天然气，比2016年增加了近9%。约有1.6%的Tcf被重新注入油井，以加强石油回收，[24]在伊朗石油生产中起着核心作用，2007年至2017年期间，伊朗利用天然气加强石油回收(EOR)增加了56%。随着天然气产量的增加，利用天然气进行EOR预计会继续增加，使用EOR将是阻止伊朗棕色地带下降的关键，而伊朗的棕地率自然下降率相对较高。

In addition to the natural gas used for EOR, Iran vented and/or flared approximately 0.6 Tcf of gas in 2017.[25] Natural gas is flared when no infrastructure exists to capture and transport gas associated with oil production. Iran was the second-largest source country of flared natural gas in 2017, behind only Iraq.

除了用于EOR的天然气外，伊朗在2017年喷出和/或燃烧大约0.6托克天然气，[25] 在没有基础设施获取和运输与石油生产有关的天然气时，会燃烧天然气。伊朗是2017年仅次于伊拉克的第二大燃烧天然气来源国。

With 7.3 Tcf of dry natural gas produced in 2017, Iran was the world's third-largest producer after the United States and Russia. South Pars is Iran's largest field by production volume, with approximately 55% of Iran's production originating from this field. FGE projects that when fully developed, South Pars volumes will account for more than 70% of Iran's total production. In addition to South Pars, other major sources of Iran's natural gas production include the Tabnak, Nar, Kangan, Homan, and Shanoul fields.

由于2017年生产了7.3吨干天然气，伊朗成为仅次于美国和俄罗斯的世界第三大生产国。南帕尔斯(South Pars)是伊朗产量最大的油田，大约55%的伊朗产量来自这一领域，而FGE项目一旦全面开发，南帕尔斯的产量将占伊朗总产量的70%以上。除南帕尔外，伊朗天然气生产的其他主要来源包括Tabnak、Nar、Kangan、Homan和Shanoul油田。

Most of the natural gas produced is consumed domestically, with Iran's consumption averaging at an estimated 6.9 Tcf in 2017.[26] In 2016 (the latest available data), Iran was the world's fourth-largest consumer of natural gas after the United States, Russia, and China.[27] The largest share of natural gas use domestically in 2016 was in the electric power sector (32%), followed by the residential and commercial sector (29%) and the industrial sector (27%). Natural gas use for electric power generation has grown in recent years as Iran replaced crude oil and fuel oil with natural gas for electricity generation.[28]

[26] 2016年(现有最新数据)，伊朗是世界第四大天然气消费国，仅次于美国，[27] 2016年国内天然气使用量最大的是电力部门(32%)，其次是住宅和商业部门(29%)和工业部门(27%)。近年来，由于伊朗用天然气发电取代了原油和燃油，因此用于发电的天然气有所增加。

Natural gas production from South Pars is critical to meet increasing domestic consumption and Iran's plans and obligations for exports. The development plan includes 24 phases, of which 18 are already operational.

南方各国天然气生产对于满足国内消费和伊朗的出口计划和义务至关重要，发展计划包括24个阶段，其中18个已投入运作。

The most significant energy development project in Iran, the South Pars field, accounted for about 55% of Iran's natural gas production in 2016. It holds almost 40% of Iran's total proved natural gas reserves.[29] Discovered in 1990 and located 62 miles offshore in the Persian Gulf, South Pars has a 24-phase development plan, with 18 phases already operational, although not all of these phases have reached maximum production capacity. Currently, five phases are under development and one phase just began its development. Each of the 24 phases has a combination of natural gas with condensate and/or hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL). The project is managed by Pars Oil & Gas Company (POGC), a subsidiary of NIOC. According to FGE, development of the South Pars gas field has so far required $71 billion in investment, with an additional $20 billion needed to complete the remaining phases.

伊朗最重要的能源开发项目——南帕拉斯油田——占伊朗2016年天然气产量的55%左右。它占伊朗已证明天然气储量的近40%.[29] 于1990年被发现，位于波斯湾近海62英里，南帕尔斯岛有一个24个阶段的发展计划，有18个阶段已经开始运作，虽然并非所有阶段都达到最高生产能力，但目前有5个阶段正在开发，一个阶段刚刚开始。24个阶段中，每个阶段都有天然气与凝析油和/或碳氢气液体的结合，项目由NIOC的子公司Pars Oil & Gas Company管理。据英国政府专家小组称，南帕斯天然气田开发迄今已需要710亿美元投资，另外还需要200亿美元才能完成剩余阶段。

Iran trades relatively small volumes of natural gas regionally via pipelines. In 2017, all of Iran's imports came from Turkmenistan, and more than 73% of Iran's exports went to Turkey. Iran does not have the infrastructure in place to export or import liquefied natural gas (LNG).

伊朗在各地区通过管道买卖天然气的数量相对较少，2017年，伊朗全部进口来自土库曼斯坦，伊朗超过73%的出口流入土耳其。伊朗没有进出口液化天然气的基础设施。

Iran accounts for about 1% of global natural gas pipeline trade and is not yet a significant natural gas exporter. In 2017, Iran exported about 450 Bcf and imported 170 Bcf of natural gas via pipelines. Iran relies on imports particularly during winter months when residential space-heating demand peaks during colder weather. Iran does not have the infrastructure to export or import liquefied natural gas (LNG). Although Iran's aspirations to build a liquefaction facility date back to the 1970s, the country has yet to build one. In past years, the NIOC started construction projects to build an LNG export plant, but most of the work has been halted. The lack of technology and foreign investment, stemming from decades-old international sanctions, made obtaining financing and purchasing necessary technology impossible. Inability to construct a large-scale LNG project has led to a change in strategy. Iran is now working on plans to construct small- and medium-sized LNG plants, including the Kangan LNG project, which would have 2 million tons per year (mmtpa) of liquefaction capacity, and the acquisition of a Caribbean floating LNG (FLNG) terminal. Purchase of the Caribbean FLNG is subject to U.S. sanctions.

伊朗约占全球天然气管道贸易的1%，尚未成为重要的天然气出口国，在2017年，伊朗通过管道出口了大约450 Bcf，并进口了170 Bcf 天然气。在寒冷的天气，住宅空间供暖需求高峰时期，伊朗尤其依赖进口，伊朗没有出口或进口液化天然气的基础设施。尽管伊朗希望建造液化设施可追溯到1970年代，但伊朗尚未建造液化设施，过去几年来，国家石油天然气公司开始建造液化天然气出口厂，但大部分工作已经停止。由于几十年来实行的国际制裁，技术和外国投资不足，无法获得资金和购买必要的技术。由于无法建立一个大规模的液化天然气项目，战略发生了变化。伊朗目前正在制定建造中小型液化天然气厂的计划，其中包括Kangan液化天然气项目，该项目每年将有200万吨液化能力，以及加勒比漂浮液化天然气终端的采购。购买加勒比离岸线将受到美国的制裁。

Iran exports natural gas via pipeline to Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iraq, and it receives imports from Turkmenistan. Total exports averaged 1.2 Bcf per day of natural gas in 2017, of which about 73% was destined for Turkey. Iran's natural gas exports to Armenia averaged 36 MMcf per day in 2017, for which Iran received electric power. Iran and Armenia trade natural gas and electric power via a 20-year swap contract. [30]

伊朗通过管道向土耳其、亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆和伊拉克出口天然气，并从土库曼斯坦进口天然气，2017年天然气总出口量平均为每天1.2比索，其中约73%运往土耳其。2017年，伊朗向亚美尼亚的天然气出口量平均为每天36兆瓦米，伊朗获得电力，伊朗和亚美尼亚通过20年互换合同进行天然气和电力贸易。

Iran began exporting natural gas to Iraq in June 2017 to fuel electric power plants near Baghdad, including the Al-Besmaya, Al-Quds, Al-Mansuriyah, and Al-Sadr stations. Annual natural gas exports to Iraq averaged 132 MMcf per day in 2017, but these volumes likely will rise as new gas-fired generation capacity comes online in Iraq. In addition to volumes to the Baghdad-area power plants, Iran also plans to ship natural gas to Basrah sometime in late 2018.

伊朗于2017年6月开始向伊拉克出口天然气，为巴格达附近的发电厂提供燃料，其中包括Al-Besmaya、Al-Quds、Al-Mansuriyah和Al-Sadr电站。2017年，对伊拉克的年度天然气出口平均为每天132吨天然气，但随着伊拉克新的燃气发电能力上网，这些量可能会增加。除了向巴格达地区发电厂的产量外，伊朗还计划于2018年下半年把天然气运往巴士拉。

Iran's imports of natural gas from Turkmenistan began in 1997 in response to lack of domestic infrastructure that would deliver natural gas from the south to the major consuming centers in northern Iran. Turkmenistan's natural gas volumes filled this critical gap for years, especially during winter months. Iran's imports of Turkmenistan's natural gas peaked in 2015 at 0.9 Bcf per day, but they have since fallen to 0.5 Bcf per day. The decrease is partly the result of contractual disputes between Iran and Turkmenistan, which have at times resulted in a complete cessation of gas trade between the two countries. In January 2017, Turkmenistan halted gas exports to Iran over a reported non-payment for deliveries. In response, Iran built a pipeline between the city of Damghan and Neka in the north, reducing the need for Turkmen natural gas.

伊朗自1997年开始从土库曼斯坦进口天然气，原因是国内基础设施不足，无法将天然气从南方输送到伊朗北部的主要消费中心。土库曼斯坦的天然气量填补了这一重要差距，特别是在冬季，2015年，土库曼斯坦天然气进口量达到最高值，每天为0.9比分，但此后下降到每天0.5比分。下降的部分原因是伊朗与土库曼斯坦的合同纠纷，有时导致两国间完全停止天然气贸易。2017年1月，土库曼斯坦停止向伊朗出口天然气，因为据报未交付货物，因此，伊朗在北部Damghan市和Neka市之间修建管道，减少了土库曼天然气需求。

In the past, Iran received natural gas imports from Azerbaijan, but these imports ceased completely in October 2016. Iran and Azerbaijan traded natural gas under a gas swap contract, where Iran delivered natural gas to Azerbaijan's Nakhchivan province, and in return, Iran received volumes from Azerbaijan via the Astara pipeline connections.

伊朗过去从阿塞拜疆进口天然气，但2016年10月完全停止进口。伊朗和阿塞拜疆根据天然气交换合同买卖天然气，伊朗在那里向阿塞拜疆纳希切万省运送天然气，反过来，伊朗通过阿斯塔拉管道连接处从阿塞拜疆获得了天然气。

Proposed regional pipelinesIran has the potential to become an important natural gas supplier to its region and has established agreements with some of its neighboring countries to export natural gas via planned regional pipelines. However, several challenges related to Iran's natural gas sector remain that may complicate volumes expected from these projects. Some of these challenges include: Iran's growth in natural gas demand; Iran's reliance on domestic natural gas to augment oil recovery by reinjecting it into oil wells; international sanctions that have hindered Iran's access to technology and foreign investment; and some disagreements between Iran and potential buyers over natural gas prices.

拟议的区域管道 伊朗有可能成为该地区重要的天然气供应国，并已与某些邻国签订协议，通过计划中的区域管道出口天然气。然而，与伊朗天然气部门有关的一些挑战仍然存在，可能使这些项目的预期规模复杂化。其中一些挑战包括：伊朗天然气需求的增长；伊朗依赖国内天然气，通过将石油流入油井，从而扩大石油回收；国际制裁阻碍了伊朗获得技术和外国投资；伊朗和潜在购买方之间在天然气价格问题上的一些分歧。

Iran-Oman Pipeline: In March 2014, Iran and Oman agreed to form a joint venture that would deliver more than 1 Bcf per day of Iranian natural gas to Oman. Some of the Iranian gas volumes were planned to be exported as LNG from Oman. However, Oman's development of its domestic natural gas resources, including tight gas development projects, has removed some of the need to import natural gas from Iran. The project would require a new pipeline (half of which would be subsea). Thus far, little progress has been made on its construction.

伊朗-阿曼管道：2014年3月，伊朗和阿曼同意成立一家合资企业，每天向阿曼交付伊朗天然气1比比索，计划将伊朗的一些天然气作为液化天然气从阿曼出口。然而，阿曼开发国内天然气资源，包括密闭天然气开发项目，已消除了从伊朗进口天然气的一些需要，该项目将需要一条新的管道(其中一半将是亚管)。迄今为止，其建设进展甚微。

Iran-Pakistan Pipeline: Construction of one leg on the Iranian side of the pipeline is complete, but construction on the Pakistani side has been repeatedly delayed and has yet to start. In 2009, when the agreement was signed, Pakistan agreed to import 750 MMcf per day of natural gas, and the trade was supposed to commence in December 2014. Given the lack of progress on the Pakistani side, this project is not likely to materialize.[31]

伊朗-巴基斯坦管道：在伊朗一侧管道修建一条腿的工作已经完成，但巴基斯坦一侧的建筑一再被延误，尚未启动。2009年，签署该协议时，巴基斯坦同意每天进口750枚天然气，预计该交易将于2014年12月开始。鉴于巴基斯坦方面缺乏进展，该项目不大可能实现。

Iran-UAE Gas Contract: Although the Iranian natural gas pipeline system is connected to the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Iran has so far refused to sell its natural gas to UAE. Iran and the UAE had signed an initial agreement to trade natural gas on a 20-year term, with Iran shipping natural gas produced at the Salman field to the city of Sharjah. However, after repeated cancellations, the contract has been referred for international arbitration.

伊朗-阿联酋天然气合同：尽管伊朗天然气管道系统与阿拉伯联合酋长国(阿联酋)有联系，但伊朗至今拒绝向阿联酋出售天然气。伊朗和阿联酋签署了一项为期20年的天然气贸易协定，伊朗将在萨勒曼田生产的天然气运往沙迦市。但是，在多次取消合同后，合同已被提交国际仲裁。

Natural gas is Iran's primary fuel source to generate electricity, accounting for 70% of total generation in 2016. With the projected demand growth, Iran will have to expand generation capacity in the coming years. However, state control of electricity prices at depressed levels will make expanding capacity challenging.

天然气是伊朗发电的主要燃料来源，占2016年发电总量的70%，由于预计需求增长，伊朗在今后几年将不得不扩大发电能力。然而，国家控制电价处于低迷状态，将给不断扩大的能力带来挑战。

In 2016, Iran generated almost 276 billion kilowatthours (kWh) of electricity, of which 93% was from fossil-fuel sources.[32] Natural gas is the largest source of fuel for electricity generation in Iran, accounting for 70% of total generation. Hydropower, nuclear, and nonhydro power renewables make up the remaining fuel sources used to generate electricity in Iran.

2016年，伊朗发电量近2,760亿千瓦小时，其中93%来自化石燃料来源；天然气是伊朗发电量最大的燃料，占发电总量的70%。水电、核和非水电的可再生能源组成了剩余的燃料来源，用于伊朗发电。

The Iranian government has ambitious plans to expand electric power generation capacity, including natural gas-fired, renewable, and nuclear-fired facilities. Natural gas-fired generation likely will continue to play an important role in the electric power sector in Iran, and a number of natural gas-fired projects are in various stages of completions.

伊朗政府制定了雄心勃勃的计划，扩大发电能力，包括天然气发电、可再生能源和核动力设施。天然气发电可能继续在伊朗电力部门发挥重要作用，一些天然气发电项目正在完成的各个阶段。

Iran's ambitious plans also extend to nuclear-fired electric power generation. The government plans to construct additional units to the Bushehr facility, Iran's only nuclear power plant. Currently, Bushehr has 1,000 MW of capacity. These two additional units would potentially commence operations in 2028 at the earliest. Bushehr became fully operational in late 2013.[33] Construction at the power plant originally began in the mid-1970s, but the project was repeatedly delayed by the Iranian Revolution, the Iran-Iraq war, and then by problems associated with the Russian consortium that was awarded the construction contract. The Iranian government took control of the plant's management in late 2013, about the same time the nuclear power plant began producing commercial power.[34]

伊朗的雄心勃勃的计划也扩大到核动力发电，政府计划向伊朗唯一的核电厂Bushehr设施增建一些设备，目前，Bushehr的容量为1,000兆瓦。这两个新增单位可能最早将在2028年开始运作。[33] 发电厂的建设始于70年代中期，但项目一再被伊朗革命、伊朗-伊拉克战争所耽搁。然后由于与授予建筑合同的俄罗斯财团有关的问题。伊朗政府于2013年下半年控制了该厂的管理，与此同时该核电厂开始生产商业电力。

The Iranian government also plans to add 5 GW of new nonhydro power renewable capacity by 2020. According to Business Monitor International, Iran has adopted a feed-in tariff to offer a fixed rate for renewable projects in an effort to promote these types of projects.

伊朗政府也计划到2020年新增5千兆瓦的非水力发电能力。据国际商业监测组织称，伊朗已采用进馈电价，为可再生项目提供固定费率，以努力推广这类项目。

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